- ‘Deus ex machina and the aesthetics of proof’
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The Mathematical Intelligencer 32, no. 3 (September 2010), pp. 7–11.
Unexpectedness and inevitability, two of the aesthetic qualities G.H. Hardy identified as being properties of beautiful proofs, together seem paradoxical: how can something be seen as both unexpected and inevitable? This essay argues that the literary concept of \emph{deus ex machina} can be used to clarify the notion of inevitability in proof and reconcile it with unexpectedness.